| "The major finding of the HOPE trial, including the initial trial and trial extension, is the lack of benefit for vitamin E in preventing cancer or major cardiovascular events after a prolonged period of treatment and observation. Furthermore, our studies raise concern about an increased risk of heart failure related to vitamin E."1 |
The above quote made headlines around the world. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) trial was an international one, involving 267 centers and 9,541 patients. It lasted 64 months, between December 1993 and April 1999. None of the patients was younger than 55 years old, and the mean age was 66. The participants were in a group considered high risk for cardiovascular disease. This was defined as having a history of coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, stroke, or diabetes mellitus.
Of the study participants, 4,761 took 400 IU of natural vitamin E daily for the duration of the study, and 4,780 took an identical placebo pill. The HOPE study was then extended an additional 49 months, from April 1999 until May 2003. It was called The Ongoing Outcomes study, or HOPE-TOO. One hundred and seventy-four of the original 267 centers continued to participate. In the 174 centers, there were 3,056 vitamin E patients and 3,060 placebo patients left over from the initial HOPE trial; 2,025 in the vitamin E group and 1,969 in the placebo group agreed to continue the intervention. Please note that this study was double blinded: Neither the researchers nor the patients knew who was taking the vitamin E.
Rather than give an opinion, a percentage, or an extrapolation, like doubling the risk, I thought that clinicians would prefer to look at the raw data when encountering patient questions such as, "Is vitamin E going to give me heart disease?" (When I see or hear a report telling me my risk for something is doubled, I am always irritated at receiving spin - because without raw data, doubling one's risk means little. For example, increasing your risk from 1 out of a million to 2 out of a million doubles your risk, as does increasing your risk from 1 out of 4 to 2 out of 4.)
| Total Patients | Vitamin E | Placebo |
| HOPE | 4761 | 4780 |
| HOPE-TOO | 2025 | 1969 |
| Cardiovascular Deaths | Vitamin E | Placebo |
| HOPE | 482 | 475 |
| HOPE-TOO | 364 | 361 |
| Total | 846 | 836 |
| Cancer Deaths | Vitamin E | Placebo |
| HOPE | 156 | 178 |
| HOPE-TOO | 128 | 133 |
| Total | 284 | 311 |
| Deaths From All Causes | Vitamin E | Placebo |
| HOPE | 799 | 801 |
| HOPE-TOO | 620 | 604 |
| Total | 1419 | 1405 |
| HOPE Cardiovascular Events | Vitamin E | Placebo |
| Unstable Angina | 712 | 698 |
| Heart Failure | 641 | 578 |
| Myocardial Infarction | 724 | 686 |
| Stroke | 270 | 246 |
| Total Events | 2347 | 2208 |
| HOPE-TOO Cardiovascular Events | Vitamin E | Placebo |
| Unstable Angina | 565 | 547 |
| Heart Failure | 519 | 443 |
| Myocardial Infarction | 580 | 534 |
| Stroke | 208 | 191 |
| Total Events | 1872 | 1715 |
| HOPE Cancer Incidents | Vitamin E | Placebo |
| Breast | 25 | 29 |
| Colorectal | 69 | 54 |
| Lung | 69 | 96 |
| Melanoma | 15 | 18 |
| Oral and Pharyngeal | 9 | 18 |
| Prostate | 116 | 119 |
| Total Incidents | 303 | 331 |
| HOPE-TOO Cancer Incidents | Vitamin E | Placebo |
| Breast | 19 | 26 |
| Colorectal | 61 | 44 |
| Lung | 58 | 74 |
| Melanoma | 13 | 17 |
| Oral and Pharyngeal | 8 | 15 |
| Prostate | 91 | 101 |
| Total Incidents | 250 | 277 |
Knowing the raw data will give you insight as to how biased a given author is when this study is quoted to support an argument. For example, an author with an anti-supplement bias can correctly state that in both the HOPE and HOPE-TOO trials, there were more deaths from heart disease in people who took vitamin E than in people who took placebos. Conversely, the author with the pro-supplement bias can say that in both the HOPE and HOPE-TOO trials, there were fewer deaths from cancer in those subjects who took vitamin E. Looking at the overall death rates due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and deaths from all causes, it appears that 400 IU of vitamin E is neither the toxic substance that some authors will claim it is, nor is it a panacea for health that other authors will state.
Reference
G. Douglas Andersen, DC, DACBSP, CCN
Brea, California
gdandersen@earthlink.net
www.andersEnchiro.com
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