Many musculoskeletal complaints arise from injuries sustained in sports. Each year we see athletic performance draw closer to the limits of human potential. Understanding the biomechanical principles involved helps us to prevent injury and restore functional integrity and stability through rehabilitation. While our lever-like extremities transmit forces and motion at a distance, they also favor musculoskeletal injuries by amplifying forces acting on the body's neuromusculoskeletal system.1
The sheer volume of time put into training by professional athletes is often quite remarkable. For example, runners may compete and train over 200 miles per week, swimmers may spend four or five hours in the water daily, and the acquisition of skills for an event such as a pentathlon may utilize even longer periods per day. Thus, the exploitation of athletic prowess can easily be disrupted by major and minor injury problems.2
The Garrick and Requa study of injuries in high school sports for two academic years of 1973-74 and 1974-75 revealed 1197 injuries for 3049 participants in 19 different sports.3 These two authors also reported on the number of high school injuries (per 100 participants) for the various specific sports as follows:4
| Male | Injuries | Female | Injuries |
| Cross-country | 29 | Cross-country | 35 |
| Volleyball | 10 | Volleyball | 6 |
| Gymnastics | 28 | Gymnastics | 40 |
| Basketball | 31 | Basketball | 25 |
| Swimming | 1 | Swimming | 9 |
| Tennis | 3 | Tennis | 7 |
| Track & Field | 33 | Track & Field | 35 |
| Baseball | 18 | Softball | 44 |
| Wrestling | 75 |
| Soccer | 30 |
| Football | 81 |
Injuries sustained in high school sports: 1973-1978.
There are good reasons why the athlete should seek a sports chiropractor for the treatment and rehabilitation of a sports injury. Active people are physically and emotionally different from sedentary ones. Most physicians have not had special training in sports medicine or rehabilitation. Consequently, even outstanding physicians who don't treat athletes regularly often make mistakes in the diagnosis and treatment of athletes' neuromusculoskeletal problems.
5 The opportunity of being a team chiropractic physician is often quite unique for the typical chiropractor, in that he or she is dealing, as a rule, with patients who are usually healthy and physically fit. This is rare in the general chiropractic practice. Young athletes are often in the peak of physical condition and motivation, which accounts for a rapid rate of recovery. While the professional prerequisites are obtained in the regular chiropractic education, on-site athletic care is often a far different experience than that of general practice. Innumerable cranial, spinal, and extremity contusions, strains, sprains, fractures, subluxations, dislocations, and soft tissue trauma are encountered by the chiropractor.1
It is also observed that the cumulative effects of constant athletic small stresses over a long duration can give rise to the same difficulties as severe sudden stress. Spinal injuries in sports constitute only about three percent of all athletic injuries. Thus, the chiropractor must be well prepared to manage the various musculoskeletal injuries that occur away from the spine.6
While conditioning is emphasized in athletics, the motivation is frequently on winning, rather than on prevention of injury. While this seems illogical, chiropractors handling athletic injuries must understand this if they are to properly evaluate and provide service. The development of cooperation between team physician, family physician and chiropractor helps to reduce the problem of conflicting opinions, often delivered to an already confused athlete. The typical family doctor has little knowledge of the practicalities involved in specialized sports injury management, and should accept logical procedures and recommendations when explained by the chiropractor.1
The chiropractic approach toward athletic injuries has demonstrated that everyone is better served by having the injured player promptly and ably treated, thereby obtaining recovery before irreparable damage is done. The chiropractor must become not only the doer, but also the teacher. The chiropractor with a special interest in athletes must be prepared to handle their injuries, and must in turn pass this information on to other physicians. It must be recognized that in the management of athletic injuries, the patient must get complete recovery, or he or she is no longer an athlete. The following concepts (the "Five A's")7 utilizing chiropractic treatment have proved to be of great value:
1. Accept athletics. The chiropractor -- not the player, not the coach, not the parents, but the chiropractor -- must recognize the value of competitive athletics; that it is vital to the patient to be restored to competitive athletics. If the chiropractor fails in this, the patient-doctor relationship suffers and rapport is lost. The chiropractor who depreciates the player's ambition should not be treating the athlete.
2. Avoid expediency. Outside influence must not be permitted to outweigh sound chiropractic judgment. Many pressing factors will tend to influence the chiropractor's decision. All concerned are extremely unwilling to believe that the player is really hurt. The athlete's desire to compete, the fear of "failing" teammates, the parents' desire to see their child excel, the coach's hope that the player is not really hurt, all must be ignored if the proper conclusion is to be reached.
3. Adopt the best method of treatment. Chiropractic evaluation of the nature and extent of injury must be the controlling factor in the choice of treatment. If you really believe that one method is distinctly better than another, you should recommend it and then carry it out. This must be an entirely objective decision.
4. Act promptly. A definitive decision on the proper method of treatment must be made at the earliest possible moment, and then carried out. Delay has been conclusively shown to be the difference between success and failure of treatment.
5. Achieve perfection. Make complete recovery the chiropractic goal. While this may not be possible in every case, it must always be the goal. The athlete is basically in good condition and can well tolerate any reasonable measure if it serves to increase the chances for a complete recovery.
Sports chiropractic and chiropractic rehabilitation have received a considerable amount of attention in recent years. Some of the reasons for the increased awareness and interest are the publicity afforded the injuries of professional athletes; the injuries resulting from the increased participation by individuals in physical fitness and recreational athletics; and the government's role in encouraging physical fitness through the president's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports.
Sports chiropractic and chiropractic rehabilitation have developed at a considerable pace over the last decade. As with other areas of chiropractic, where knowledge and understanding are rapidly expanding, it is necessary for the chiropractor to first be given an adequate basic preparation, and then be reminded of the necessity to keep abreast of the latest developments and advances. Thus, appropriate and timely rehabilitation protocols are essential.
References
- Schafer RC. Chiropractic Management of Sports and Recreational Injuries. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1982.
- Muckle DS. Injuries in Sport. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., 1978.
- Roy S, Irvin R. Sports Medicine Prevention, Evaluation, Management, and Rehabilitation. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1983.
- Garrick JG, Requa RK. Injuries in high school sports. Pediatrics 1978; 61:465-469.
- Mirkin G, Hoffman M. The Sports Medicine Book. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1978.
- White AA, Panjabi MM. Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1978.
- O'Donoghue DH. Treatment of Injures to Athletes (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1976.
Kim D. Christensen, DC, DACRB, CCSP
Ridgefield, Washington
