Talking to Patients About Medial Branch Neurotomy (Part 2)
Ronald Fudala, DC, DACAN
As briefly discussed in part 1 [April 15 issue], even when lumbar facet denervation (medial branch neurotomy) is successful, relief is rarely complete or permanent. Smuck, et al., reviewed 16 articles and found the average duration of >50 percent pain relief for an initial procedure was nine months. Repeat medial branch neurotomy carried a success rate between 33-85 percent, with an average duration lasting 11.6 months.37 These statistics were similar to an earlier study also showing a 10-month average duration of benefit for both initial and repeat procedures.38
Denervation Complication Rates
Kormick, et al., performed two studies involving a total of 741 denervations. These revealed five cases of neuritic pain lasting longer than two weeks, five cases of muscle soreness lasting less than two weeks, one case of prolonged muscle spasm, and no instances of motor deficits, sensory deficits or infections.39-40
Some concern has been raised about the possibility of creating a "Charcot joint" due to the loss of afferent input secondary to medial branch ablation.41 This would appear plausible, as the facet joint (and entire medial branch nerve) is not only capable of nociceptive signaling, but also serves a role in proprioception.42 The loss of proprioception subsequent to denervation could conceivably lead to impaired motor control and loss of stability, as these receptors are similar to mechanoreceptors involved in the proprioception of other peripheral joints.43
Recognizing that isolated case reports do not constitute a clear cause-effect relationship, there have been reported cases of progressive kyphosis (camptocormia) developing pursuant to multi-level facet denervation.44-45
Comparing Other Non-Conservative Interventions
Lakemeier's study, mentioned earlier, found that six months after intra-articular steroids, VAS scale reduced from 7 to 5.4 and Oswestry went from 38.7 to 33. This was no different than radiofrequency denervation.29 Manchikanti, et al., studying 120 patients, found that intra-articular injections of an anesthetic agent, either with or without steroids, provided similar pain relief. More than 85 percent of the patients experienced >50 percent pain relief, and >40 percent improvement in disability measures, with an average effect duration of 19 weeks. Over two years, these patients required, on average, 5-6 treatments to maintain their benefit.46
At present, no clear consensus exists on the comparative effectiveness of direct facet injections versus medial branch neurotomy, although a study is currently underway to assess this.47
Conventional radiofrequency treatment has been compared with pulsed radiofrequency in two randomized trials, both of which found superiority with conventional radiofrequency.48-49
Kryorhizotomy uses a cold probe, as compared to a heating element, to accomplish medial branch denervation. Three low-quality trials suggest properly selected patients experience an average of 40-60 percent pain relief over a one-year period.50-52
Clin J Pain, 2013 May;29(5):382-91.
38.van Wijk RM, et al. Radiofrequency denervation of lumbar facet joints in the treatment of chronic low back pain: a randomized, double-blind, sham lesion-controlled trial. Clin J Pain, 2005;21(4):335–44.
39.Leclaire R, et al. Radiofrequency facet joint denervation in the treatment of low back pain: a placebo-controlled clinical trail to assess its efficacy. Spine, 2001;26:1411-7.
40.Binder DS, Devi E. Nampiaparampil DE. The provocative lumbar facet joint. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med, 2009;2:15-24.
41.Bogduk N, Dreyfuss P, Govind J. A narrative review of lumbar medial branch neurotomy for the treatment of back pain. Pain Med, 2009 Sep;10(6):1035-45.
42.Smuck M, et al. Success of initial and repeated medial branch neurotomy for zygapophysial joint pain: a systematic review. PM&R, Sept 2012;4(9):686-692.
43.Rambaransingh B, Stanford G, Burnham R. The effect of repeated zygapophysial joint radiofrequency neurotomy on pain, disability, and improvement duration. Pain Med, 2010;11:1343-7.
44.Kornick C, Kramarich SS, Lamer TJ, Todd Sitzman B. Complications of lumbar facet radiofrequency denervation. Spine, 2004 Jun 15;29(12).
45.Kornick CA, et al. Complication rate associated with facet joint radiofrequency denervation procedures. Pain Med, 2002;2(2).
47.Ianuzzi A, et al. Human lumbar facet joint capsule strains: I. During physiological motions. Spine J, 2004;4(2).
48.Pickar JG, McLain RF. Responses of mechanosensitive afferents to manipulation of the lumbar facet in the cat. Spine, 1995;20(22).
49.Vas L, et al. Report of an unusual complication of radiofrequency neurotomy of medial branches of dorsal rami. Pain Physician, Sept/Oct 2014;17:E651-E662.
50.Lee JK. Progressive severe kyphosis as a complication of multilevel cervical percutaneous facet neurotomy: a case report. Spine J, 2012;12:e5-e8.
51.Staender M, Maerz U, Tonn JC, Steude U. Computerized tomography-guided kryorhizotomy in 76 patients with lumbar facet joint syndrome. J Neurosurg Spine, 2005;3(6):444-9.
52.Birkenmaier C, Veihelmann A, Trouillier H, et al. Percutaneous cryodenervation of lumbar facet joints: a prospective clinical trial. Int Orthop, 2006; Aug 23[e-pub].
53.Iwatsuki K, Yoshimine T, Awazu K. Alternative denervation using laser irradiation in lumbar facet syndrome. Lasers Surg Med, 2007 Mar;39(3):225-9.
54.Mogalles AA, et al. Percutaneous laser denervation of the zygapophyseal joints in the pain facet syndrome. Zh Vopr Neirokhir Im N N Burdenko, 2004 Jan-Mar;(1):20-5.
The proposed merger of the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners and Federation of Chiropractic Licensing Boards was approved by NBCE delegates and FCLB members at their respective annual meetings, held jointly in Atlanta, Ga., this year. Per the new bylaws, the new entity takes the NBCE name, with FCLB continuing as a department within NBCE. The federation will continue to enjoy Board of Directors representation on what will be a single, expanded board.
Before introducing subscapularis syndrome as an upper extremity analog, it is essential to revisit piriformis syndrome as a well-established example of myogenic pseudo-radiculopathy. Piriformis syndrome has long served as a clinical exception to disc-centric models of lower extremity pain and provides an important framework for understanding how deep muscular dysfunction can mimic radiculopathy in the absence of nerve root compression.
Pain has become the dominant language of musculoskeletal healthcare. Numeric pain-rating scales and symptom reports are routinely used as primary indicators of clinical success. But while pain reduction is meaningful, it is an incomplete and often misleading representation of recovery. This has real consequences for patient adherence, long-term outcomes, and how conservative care is perceived within the broader healthcare system.
