To date, the assessment options for vertebrobasilar artery risk have significant drawbacks and as a whole have been unable to identify any particular factor that is useful for screening.61-62 Provocation tests in particular are problematic in that in several aspects, they replicate the risks associated with cervical manipulation by requiring the placement of the head and neck in extreme extension and rotation.63 False negative findings compared to angiograms have been reported;64 reliability and validity have not been reliably tested;62 and the suggestion has been made that these tests be de-emphasized.65 In the midst of this disorder, determining homocysteine levels as a predictor of arterial fragility seems to be a plausible, rapid and inexpensive procedure that is no more invasive than a routine blood glucose determination.
A more extensive discussion of spontaneous arterial dissections, the proposed involvement of homocysteine, and means to determine homocysteine clinically has been published elsewhere. In addition, there is evidence presented to suggest that homocysteine levels may be lowered by folate, raising the possibility that a commonly available vitamin might be of utility in forestalling or preventing a potentially life-threatening condition.66
Cerebrovascular Accidents and Manipulation: Risk Factors to Consider
Although symptomatology of neck pain may mimic that of an incipient or ongoing VAD, the primary signal of arterial distress is a sudden onset of headache or neck pain patients often report is unlike any experienced previously. Signs and symptoms of actual vertebrobasilar ischemia that should be regarded as further suggestions of an impending vertebrobasilar artery event are the following:67
When considering a patient for neck manipulation, a number of risk factors should be weighed carefully before treatment is considered:67
Other Adverse Events
Despite numerous reports that have suggested spinal manipulation is capable of causing disk herniations and cauda equina syndrome (CES),68-71 estimates of the frequency of such events arising from spinal manipulations performed for any reason range from 1 in 1 million24,71 to 1 in over 100 million.72-73 A more recent systematic review of prospective and retrospective studies and review papers yielded a risk estimate of worsened disk herniation or CES to be less than 1 in 3.7 million, three to five orders of magnitude less than such accepted means of treating lumbar disk herniations as the use of NSAIDs or surgery.74
More minor and transient; events attending chiropractic manipulation have been reported in the literature. These have been of short duration, relatively infrequent, and rarely severe. A sampling of such incidents includes:
Flaws in the Medical Literature
While much of the medical literature attempts to establish an association of spinal manipulation with adverse events,1-6,78 it fails to fulfill the basic principles of causality established over 40 years ago by Bradford Hill.79 What is required to demonstrate true epidemiological causation is the satisfaction of all the following: strong associations with a diagnosis which is consistent across samples and groups' temporal relationship of treatment and adverse event; biological plausibility; lack of conflict with alternative explanations; and demonstration that reduced exposure to the putative causal agent results in reduction or prevention of the adverse event.
In terms of the most severe events – the VADs – seven common flaws can be identified in the bulk of the medical literature that attempts to link VADs with spinal manipulation:
The one major omission in numerous case-control studies which suggested that the incidence of strokes was greater in patients who had recently undergone spinal manipulations by a chiropractor compared to individuals who had not5-6 has thankfully and finally been addressed. In the Cassidy, et al., study of 818 VBA strokes in a hospitalized population of over 100 million person-years, the researchers demonstrated that strokes were just as likely to occur if patients with headache or neck pain visited a primary care physician versus a chiropractor, suggesting that the cause of the stroke could not be plausibly associated with any element unique to chiropractic. More likely, the stroke was already in progress when any health care intervention was sought.81
To amplify this point even further by way of demonstration, a recent case-control study of a patient with a nontraumatic episode of head and neck pain revealed the benefits of taking a careful case history before ordering any intervention. It was found that the patient displayed sufficient warning signs to warrant a delay in administering spinal manipulation. Within a week of watchful waiting, the patient experienced a CVA anyway. Again, the implication is that factors resulting in a stroke were in progress at the time the patient first sought consultation from a health care practitioner.82
Editor's Note: Part 1 of this article appeared in the May 20 issue.
References
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62. McGregor M, Haldeman S, Kohlbeck FJ. Vertebrobasilar compromise associated with cervical manipulation. Topics in Clinical Chiropractic, 1995;2(3):63-73.
63. Terrett AGL. It is more important to know when not to adjust. Chiropractic Technique, 1990;2:1-9.
64. Bolton PS, Stick PE, Lord RSA. Failure of clinical tests to predict cerebral ischemia before neck manipulation. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 1989;12(4):304-307.
65. Ferezy JS. Neural ischemia and cervical manipulation: an acceptable risk. ACA Journal of Chiropractic, 1988;22:61-63.
66. Rosner A. Spontaneous cervical artery dissections: another perspective. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 2004;27(2):124-132.
67. Triano JJ, Kawchuk G (editors). Current Concepts: Spinal Manipulation and Cervical Arterial Incidents. Clive, IA: NCMIC Insurance Company, 2006, pp. 44-47.
68. Rivett D, Milburn P. Complications arising from spinal manipulative therapy in New Zealand. Physiotherapy, 1997;83:626-632.
69. Rydell N, Raf L. Spinal manipulation-treatment associated with a high risk of complications. Lakartidningen, 1999;96:3536-3540.
70. Assendelft WJ, Bouter LM, Knipschild PG. Complications of spinal manipulation: a comprehensive review of the literature. Journal of Family Practice, 1996;42:475-480.
71. Powell F, Hanigan W, Olivero W. A risk/benefit analysis of spinal maniplation therapy for relief of lumbar or cervical pain. Neurosurgery, 1993;3:73-79.
72. Shekelle PG, Adams AH, Chassin MR, Hurwitz EL, Brook RH. Spinal manipulation for low-back pain. Annals of Internal Medicine, 1992;117:590-598.
73. Haldeman S, Rubinstein SM. Cauda equina syndrome in patients undergoing manipulation of the cervical spine. Spine, 1992;17:1469-1473.
74. Oliphant D. Safety of spinal manipulation in the treatment of lumbar disk herniations: a systematic review and risk assessment. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 2004;27(3):197-210.
75. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Vassilaki M, Chiang I-M. Frequency and clinical predictors of adverse reactions to chiropractic care in the UCLA Neck Pain Study. Spine, 2005;30(13):1477-1484.
76. Vohra S, Johnston BC, Cramer K, Humphreys K. Adverse events associated with pediatric spinal manipulation: a systematic review. Pediatrics ,2007;119(1):e275-e283.
77. Rubinstein SM, Lebouef-Yde C, Knol DL, deKoekkoek TE, Pfeifle CE, van Tulder MW. The benefits outweigh the risks for patients undergoing chiropractic care for neck pain: a prospective, multicenter cohort study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 2007;30(6):408-418.
78. Smith DL, Dainoff MJ, Smith JP. The effect of chiropractic adjustments on movement time: a pilot study using Fitt's law. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 2006;29(4):257-266.
79. Hill AB. The environment and disease association, causation? President's address. Occupational Medicine, 1965;195-198.
80. Terrett AGJ. Misuse of the literature by medical authors in discussing spinal manipulative therapy injury. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 1995;18(4):203-210.
81. Cassidy JD, Boyle E, Coe P, He H, Hogg-Johnson S, SIlver FL, Bondy SJ. Risk of vertebrobasilar stroke and chiropractic care: results of a population-based case control and case-crossover study. Spine, 2008;33(4S):S176-S183.
82. Kier A, McCarthy PW. Cerebrovascular accident without chiropractic manipulation: a case report. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 2006;29(4):330-335.
When sports chiropractors first appeared at the Olympic Games in the 1980s, it was alongside individual athletes who had experienced the benefits of chiropractic care in their training and recovery processes at home. Fast forward to Paris 2024, where chiropractic care was available in the polyclinic for all athletes, and the attitude has now evolved to recognize that “every athlete deserves access to sports chiropractic."
It is estimated that 61% of patients with CTS avoid taking surgical options due to postoperative complications and costly surgical procedures. Chiropractic care offers a comprehensive and effective treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome, addressing the condition from multiple angles. Recent studies also have unveiled a game-changing adjunct to chiropractic treatments for CTS: nerve flossing.
Some doctors thrive in a personality-based clinic and have a loyal following no matter what services or equipment they offer, but for most chiropractic offices who are trying to grow and expand, new equipment purchases help us stay relevant and continue to service our client base in the best, most up-to-date manner possible. So, regarding equipment purchasing: should you lease, get a bank loan, or pay cash?
