In one of last year's columns, I dealt with the problems surrounding the use of progress notes in a busy chiropractic practice and discussed the concept of the daily patient record. The daily patient record provided the patient several methods for documenting the level of pain currently being experienced through the use of the visual analog scale and the "dollar's worth of pain" analogy. Furthermore, through the use of the pain drawing, the daily patient record provided a means of obtaining a visual record for the patient's current pain.
The current discussion will center around a more detailed examination of the use of the pain drawing. Pain drawings provide the physician with a means of quickly assessing the patient's levels of pain. The pain drawing can demonstrate whether the patient is demonstrating symptoms consistent with an organic lesion, whether the patient is amplifying pain levels, or if there are non-organic factors involved in the patient's case. Several pain drawings rating systems have been proposed for the analysis of pain drawings.
The following rating system was proposed by Hildebrandt1 and provides the physician with a means of numerically rating the pain drawing. This system was a modified version of the system originally proposed by Ransford.2
Scoring System for Pain Drawings
I. Unreal drawings. If one or more of the following pain localizations are drawn in, two points are assigned.
A. Total leg pain B. Frontal aspect of one or both legs C. Unilateral or bilateral anterior tibial pain D. Back of leg (isolated, knee included) E. Circumferential thigh pain
F. Lateral whole leg pain (trochanteric area and lateral thigh allowed) G. Bilateral foot pain H. Circumferential foot pain I. Anterior knee pain, ankle pain J. Spotted bounds of pain scattered about the whole leg K. Whole abdomen pain
II. Drawings showing "expansion" or "magnification" of pain (one or two points per area, depending upon extent)
A. Back pain radiating to the iliac crest, groin, or anterior perineum (coccygeal pain allowed). Note: Rule out sacroiliac joint dysfunction.
B. Pain drawn outside the outline as an indication of magnification.
III. "I particularly hurt here" indicators (each category scores one point.
A. Additional explanatory notes B. Circle painful areas C. Draw lines to demarcate painful areas
D. Use arrows to describe anatomically not explainable pain E. Use of additional symbols
IV. "Look how bad I am" indicators. (Score one with small areas and score two with larger areas.)
A. Additional painful areas in the trunk, head, neck, or upper extremity dawn in.
With this rating system, a score of three or more is generally thought to represent a pain perception that may be influenced by psychological factors. Some of the readily apparent expressions of psychological distress include pain distributions that are non-anatomic or bizarre, drawings showing "magnification" or "expansion" of symptoms, and drawings that demonstrate "look how bad I am indicators."
Uden3 proposed an observational system for assessment of pain drawings. Uden's system relies on the impression formed by physicians familiar with low back disorders, who categorize the drawings into one of four categories: organic, possibly organic, possibly non-organic, or non-organic. This rating system demonstrated that even when one is inexperienced with the use of pain drawings, the intraexaminer reliability was 80 percent and the interexaminer reliability was 70 percent. By using one of these two systems for rating the pain drawing, the clinician can gain insight into the possibility of the presence of psychological distress which may complicate the patient's case. The following cases are provided as examples of pain drawings for various cases:
34-year-old female who was injured in a grocery store parking lot. Through cursory observation, this pain drawing has a "non-organic" appearance. Through the pain drawing scoring system, this drawing received a score of 8.
2 points for frontal aspect of one or both legs
2 points for pain outside the lines
2 points for pain radiating into the iliac crest (no sacroiliac dysfunction noted on exam)
2 points for additional painful areas drawn in
References
Hildebrandt J, et al: The use of pain drawings in screening for psychological involvement in complaints of low back pain. Spine, 13(6):1988.
Ransford AO, Cairns D, Mooney V: The pain drawing as an aid to the psychological evaluation of patients with low back pain. Spine, 1(1):1976.
Uden A, et al: Pain drawings in chronic back pain. Spine, 13(4): 1988.
Goldman, Sherwin, and Merritt JL: Using pain drawing in evaluating low back disorder. Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine, August 1991.
While there may be no “magic bullet” when it comes to health, this should not dissuade patients or practitioners from seeking out ingredients that offer multiple health benefits. When it comes to dietary supplements, there are thousands upon thousands of choices. So, why not choose one that can address pain and assist with mental health? A supplement that can address inflammation, while also preventing certain types of cancer.
This article focuses on nine severe injuries that are generally not diagnosable until the third to fourth week following the date of injury, including how to diagnose these severe injuries. The discovery of any of these injuries early can make a significant difference in the case outcome.
While canes, braces and posts represent extrinsic methods for lessening adductor moment arms, an intrinsic method for lessening the development of medial knee osteoarthritis occurs when the hip abductor musculature and the iliotibial band are strong enough to create a compressive force capable of stabilizing the lateral knee.
