Editor's Note: Dr. Craig Liebenson is the organizer of the Los Angeles College of chiropractic rehabilitation diplomate course and president of the Chiropractic Rehabilitation Certification Board. He has published extensively in JMPT and other journals on the subjects of rehabilitation and chronic pain, and maintains a private practice in Los Angeles, California.
What functional pathologies are typically associated with pain? Depending on one's individual approach any or all of the following may be pursued: joint dysfunction, trigger points, or muscle imbalances. Different functional pathologies are screened for in the hope that a "key link" will be found. Such a key link gives the clinician a foothold in the management of pain syndromes related to dysfunction. The chiropractor believes that there is a pivotal dysfunction which if found and treated will help alleviate pain.
Such an approach is important for treating pain because dysfunction is the primary cause of pain in the motor system.1 Even with structural pathology the critical difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic structural pathology is most likely due to dysfunction.2 A patient's recovery is contingent on restoring function in the motor system.
Assessment of structural pathology or disease is important for ruling out "red flags" for urgent or emergency referral. But the vast majority of patients do not have clinically significant structural pathology (90 percent). In these patients it is the assessment of function/dysfunction of the motor system which is paramount. Since functional pathologies are present in everyone we must identify "chains" of functional pathology which are related to a patient's symptoms or decompensation.3 Most importantly, our assessment should identify the key link in a patient's dysfunctional chain which either reflexly or biomechanically has the most significant effect on the the motor system. Such a key link is the starting point for efficient, efficacious treatment. This is the intrinsic dysfunction which is the beginning point for manipulative therapy or chiropractic.
Chain reactions involving pathokinesiology and abnormal arthrokinematics occur commonly. Gait is the classic example of an activity occurring as part of a kinetic chain. Faulty gait often results from forefoot instability (i.e., hyperpronation) during mid-stance to toe off. This can travel up the chain and lead to knee, hip and low back problems. Another example of a kinetic chain involves the muscles, joints and motor program for reaching, grasping, carrying, or prehension. A dysfunction of the sternoclavicular or glenohumeral joints or muscle imbalance of the scapulothoracic muscles will result in a loss of the normal scapulohumeral rhythm. In the end the patient may develop wrist/elbow repetitive strain syndromes or myofascial syndromes of the head and neck. One should think of the craniomandibular system as being part of a kinetic chain responsible for mastication. Masticatory muscle dysfunction may affect the temperomandibular and cervicocranial joints resulting in jaw, facial, head or neck pain. Interface between muscles and joints is the rule rather than the exception in the motor system.
Chain reactions linking various dysfunctional tissues involved in a task occur as a normal consequence of soft tissue overload. Muscles being the active component of the motor system adapt and may eventually fatigue. Panjabi says, "the muscles and tendons ... are the means through which the spinal system generates forces and provides the required stability to the spine."4 Bogduk and Twomey say, "such processes may underlie what might otherwise be called 'fatigue' in a ligament or capsule. After prolonged strain, ligaments, capsules, and intervertebral discs of the lumbar spine may creep, and they may be liable to injury if sudden forces are unexpectedly applied during their vulnerable, recovery phase."5
The key link is what every chiropractor searches for. The best DCs are the ones who find a key link and then with a single adjustment "magically" achieve a dramatic, far reaching effect on the locomotor system. Chain reactions in the motor system provide the most reliable "map" of this terrain. Of course, the question of how long will the positive effect last is the great weakness of this approach! If extrinsic stressors (i.e., faulty ergonomics, repetitive overload) are present as perpetuating factors then short term results will be the rule rather than the exception. Unless the chiropractor and patient are content to repeat their magic act on a regular basis recurrences are likely. It is considered more cost effective to pursue active rehabilitation rather than becoming dependent on passive interventions.6 The goal of rehabilitation is to achieve a level of functional restoration so that the patient can safely manage the "demands" of their occupation or lifestyle.
All too often the chiropractic approach suffers because it does not adequately rehabilitate the motor system. According to Janda there are four stages to rehabilitation.7
Chiropractors who realize the limitations of the adjustment model can avoid the disappointment of achieving only short-term results. Manipulation and rehabilitation must be joined together to achieve lasting results. Mastering the evaluation of functional chains (gait, prehension, mastication, etc.) and finding a key link amenable to manipulation is the first step. Then, it is necessary to search for extrinsic factors which can be addressed through education and ergonomics to reduce exposure to harmful stress and strain. Finally, specific rehabilitation goals must be established such as relaxing overactive muscles, facilitating weak muscles, and improving the quality of basic movement patterns (i.e., gait, lifting, carrying, etc.). Manipulation has proven it can accelerate both pain relief and return to work. But can we improve our track record with respect to high recurrence rates? Education and exercise are the keys to preventing reinjury and recurrence.
References
When sports chiropractors first appeared at the Olympic Games in the 1980s, it was alongside individual athletes who had experienced the benefits of chiropractic care in their training and recovery processes at home. Fast forward to Paris 2024, where chiropractic care was available in the polyclinic for all athletes, and the attitude has now evolved to recognize that “every athlete deserves access to sports chiropractic."
It is estimated that 61% of patients with CTS avoid taking surgical options due to postoperative complications and costly surgical procedures. Chiropractic care offers a comprehensive and effective treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome, addressing the condition from multiple angles. Recent studies also have unveiled a game-changing adjunct to chiropractic treatments for CTS: nerve flossing.
Some doctors thrive in a personality-based clinic and have a loyal following no matter what services or equipment they offer, but for most chiropractic offices who are trying to grow and expand, new equipment purchases help us stay relevant and continue to service our client base in the best, most up-to-date manner possible. So, regarding equipment purchasing: should you lease, get a bank loan, or pay cash?
