The New Jersey Supreme Court has affirmed an appellate court decision that brings chiropractic and other "alternative therapies" one step closer to inclusion in patient informed consent requirements.
The case centers around plaintiff Jean Matthies. She sued her orthopedic surgeon for making her treatment decisions without giving her "informed consent," that is, without telling her about other treatment options.
Hearing the case was the Superior Court of New Jersey. The court barred Ms. Matthies from arguing that her surgeon had acted without her informed consent.
That decision was based on the historical concept of "consent," and on the fact that the surgeon had opted not to do surgery on a nondisplaced intracapsular fracture of the neck of the femur which had impacted on her right hip.
Ms. Matthies' case went to the appellate division of the Superior Court of New Jersey. The appellate court voiced a "newly emerging concept" of informed consent, which is based on the developing "prudent patient" concept. The foundation of "prudent patient" is that it is the patient's prerogative, not the physician's, to finally determine the direction of the care. With this underpinning, the appellate court's decision overturned the lower court's findings.
The case was appealed to the New Jersey Supreme Court. The justices, after giving further clarification of the obligations of the treating physician with regard to informed consent, unanimously affirmed the appellate court decision.
New Jersey Supreme Court Justice Pollock wrote:
"The issues before the Court are: whether the doctrine of informed consent requires a doctor to obtain the patient's consent before implementing a nonsurgical procedure; and whether a doctor, in discussing with the patient treatment alternatives that he or she recommends, should discuss medically reasonable alternative courses of treatment that the doctor does not recommend."Held: To obtain a patient's informed consent to one of several alternative courses of treatment, the physician should explain the medically reasonable invasive and noninvasive alternatives, including the risks and the likely outcomes of those alternatives, even when the chosen course is noninvasive.
"1. A patient has a duty to disclose to his or her doctor all the information necessary for the doctor to make a diagnosis and determine a course of treatment. In turn, the doctor has the duty to evaluate the relevant information and disclose all courses of treatment that are medically reasonable under the circumstances. It is for the patient to make the ultimate decision regarding treatment based on the doctor's recommendation. Informed consent applies to invasive and noninvasive procedures. (pp. 10-12)
"2. Under the negligence theory of informed consent, the analysis focuses on the physician's deviation from the standard of care rather than on an unauthorized touching required under the battery theory. The decisive factor is whether the physician adequately presents the material facts so that the patient can make an informed decision. That disclosure is limited by the reasonable patient standard: the physician is obligated to disclose only that information material to a reasonable patient's informed decision. (pp. 12-14)
"3. To insure informed consent, the physician must inform patients of medically reasonable treatment alternatives and their attendant probable risks and outcomes. Physicians do not adequately discharge that duty by disclosing only treatment alternatives that they recommend. The test for measuring the materiality of the risk of a treatment is whether a reasonable patient in the patient's position would have considered the risk material. A physician should discuss the medically reasonable courses of treatment, including nontreatment. (pp. 14-17)
"4. A cause of action based on the doctor's breach of the standard of care does not adequately protect the patient's right to be informed of treatment alternatives. Like the deviation from the standard of care, the doctor's failure to obtain informed consent is a form of medical negligence. Recognition of a separate duty emphasizes the doctor's obligation to inform, as well as treat, the patient. (pp. 18-20)"
"The court in Matthies has laid down a clear rule that the doctrine of informed consent requires that a patient not only be informed of the risks of a particular treatment but also be informed `as well as of available options in the form of alternative therapies.' This new requirement will leave surgeons who do not inform patients of the benefits of alternative therapies, such as chiropractic, at risk of being hauled into court by an aggressive medical malpractice attorney."
The malpractice case that Mr. Schroeder envisions has yet to be played out in the courts. Such a case would have to reach the U.S. Supreme Court, or at least the U.S. Court of Appeals, to have a national impact on informed consent law, but it seems only a matter of time.
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